Wireless Internet Technologies and Applications

vantage. Wireless devices, the Internet and the World Wide Web provide marketers with new tools and added convenience for the development and delivery of marketing campaigns. In this chapter, we explore various components of a marketing campaign, such as marketing ... [full story]

Internet and World Wide Web Resources Location-Based Service Providers www.uswcorp.com A location-based solution provider offering a full range of location-based products and services. www.trueposition.com TruePosition® uses a TDOA technology to provide location-based services. TruePosition specializes in E911 applications. www.cell-loc.com Cell-loc, ... [full story]

Location-Interoperability Forum In an effort to standardize location-identification technologies, Ericsson, Nokia and Motorola formed the Location Interoperability Forum (LIF) (www.locationforum.org) that now has over 70 member organizations. Wireless solution providers have invested a great deal in their preferred location-based technologies. ... [full story]

Location-Based Services The ability to locate users and provide them with information is crucial to the development of the wireless Internet. Some of the most popular applications include fleet tracking, employee and supply management, shipping applications, mapping services and gaming. ... [full story]

Location-Identification Technologies In this section, we explore the various technologies used to determine the location of wireless devices (Fig. 3.1). These technologies enable businesses to provide location-based services to users. For example, when a user makes a call for help ... [full story]

Identifying Cellular Devices: Cell-ID In this chapter, we identify discuss various technologies used to locate cellular devices. It is also possible to identify the particular devices. Each cellular device has a unique Cell-ID, a number that identifies the device to ... [full story]

Enhanced 911 Act (E911) The E911 Act (the “E” stands for “Enhanced”), put forth by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in 1996 and signed into law in 1999, is designed to standardize and enhance 911 service across mobile devices. Its ... [full story]

Business-to-Employee (B2E) Applications Wireless applications for sales and service professionals provide one of the largest opportunities for m-business. As discussed, supplying employees with wireless PDAs (instead of laptop computers) for on-the-road e-mail communications and file transfer can reduce costs. Portable ... [full story]

Business-to-Employee (B2E) Applications Wireless applications for sales and service professionals provide one of the largest opportunities for m-business. As discussed, supplying employees with wireless PDAs (instead of laptop computers) for on-the-road e-mail communications and file transfer can reduce costs. Portable ... [full story]

Deploying WLANs at Home: A Case Study As a case study, I will describe a series of events that actually happened to me when I was visiting friends after Christmas 2002. The friends had broadband Internet access via a cable modem, which ... [full story]

Wireless LANs in Public Places This category of WLAN deployment is the least well-defined, and has the most potential to change the way we use networks in our everyday life. As I write this, I am sitting in a coffee shop ... [full story]

WLANs in Medium-to-Large Enterprise Networks WLANs are being rapidly adopted in corporate settings, perhaps even more so than the Internet was, primarily because there is now an existing network infrastructure to which the APs can be attached. This parallels the Internet's ... [full story]

Wireless LANs at Home WLANs can extend over a range of 200 to 1000 feet,[20] but coverage depends on the density of the obstructions between the AP and the STA. Empirical evidence based on experiments at home indicates that every time ... [full story]

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Devices Clearly, to make a WLAN, one needs at least two devices to make an ad hoc network, and at least three devices to make an infrastructure network (an infrastructure network with one STA and one AP ... [full story]

EEE 802.16: Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Another class of wireless devices is based on the fixed (initially) and mobile (eventually[8] ) broadband wireless metropolitan area network (WirelessMAN™) standards being created by the IEEE 802.16 WG. The reason why the IEEE 802.16 ... [full story]

Bluetooth® and IEEE 802.15.1: Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Bluetooth® uses Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum techniques and can coexist with IEEE 802.11b devices, and it serves a completely different application. The interference with a DSSS-based IEEE 802.11b WLAN is going to ... [full story]

IEEE 802.11: Wireless LANs and Beyond The standards that define WLANs will continue to evolve, at least in that new PHYs will be defined that provide for progressively higher speeds. As this book is going to press, the first mentions of ... [full story]

IEEE 802.11i —Robust Security Network Once the IEEE 802.11i draft standard is complete, there will be a total of three authentication and key management architectures in IEEE 802.11, namely the two that were originally defined for use in the context of ... [full story]

Wired-Equivalent Privacy (WEP) During the standardization of IEEE 802.11-1997, there was a strong desire to include a set of minimal (but adequate) security services that could challenge the potential eavesdropper in the same way that a physical wire challenges an eaves ... [full story]

Security and the OSI Model Network security encompasses several orthogonal services, including user authentication, message authentication, and confidentiality, which may be used together or separately. Authentication is a term that has at least two meanings in the context of network security. One ... [full story]

Introduction to Wireless LAN Security Security at the Data Link layer is not a new topic. It has gotten a lot of press recently in the context of WLANs, but the IEEE 802.11 WG is only the latest subgroup of IEEE ... [full story]

DCF, PCF, Time, and Power Management CSMA/CA is the basic method by which wireless STAs share access to the medium. IEEE 802.11's medium access protocol was designed to tolerate frame loss due to interference (which could come from any number of ... [full story]

MAC/PLCP Interactions The PLCP is used to specify certain properties of the subsequent frame, most importantly its speed (which is intimately related to the modulation that is used to transmit the digital data over the inherently analog WM). By using PLCP, ... [full story]

IEEE 802.11 WLAN Components Before continuing with the discussion of the Access control methods and the Address fields in the IEEE 802.11 header, we will first briefly cover the terminology associated with the "intermediate nodes" (APs) in IEEE 802.11 WLANs. It ... [full story]

Building Blocks: Joining a Wireless LAN A station that wants to join a WLAN must first determine that a WLAN is present. This is accomplished either passively (by listening for a Beacon, a type of management frame that is sent by ... [full story]

Dissection of an Actual Probe Response Rather than discuss the structure of the Probe Response MMPDU hypothetically, we will examine an actual Probe Response MMPDU, which happens to be 86 octets long, and was captured with the outstanding "Ethereal" protocol analyzer ... [full story]

What Causes a Probe Response? The simple answer is that a Probe Request MMPDU does. Under what circumstances is such a frame sent? A STA seeking to join a WLAN has a choice between listening on successive channels, waiting on each channel ... [full story]

Reprise of IEEE 802.11's MMPDU Structure All of IEEE 802.11's MMPDUs have a common overall structure, which is shown in Figure 5-1 and might be referred to as the "MMPDU skeleton," since it represents the overall format of every MMPDU. Figure 5-1. ... [full story]

Modes of Operation There are two different usage models for IEEE 802.11, namely infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS or ESS) and independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). Even though both kinds of BSS could be called IBSS, the "I" in IBSS means ... [full story]

Higher-Layer Protocol Encapsulation The frame payload of the IEEE 802.11 MPDU must always start with an LLC sub-layer protocol header, since the IEEE 802.11 MAC sub-layer protocol header has no ability to describe the encapsulated higher layer protocol. The LLC sub-layer ... [full story]

IEEE 802.11 Data Exchange Interfaces In MPDUs, the necessary LLC sub-layer protocol header consumes three octets of payload capacity within the IEEE 802.11 MPDU's frame body. The LLC sub-layer protocol header and whatever follows it is part of the MSDU, although ... [full story]

Structure of the IEEE 802.11 MAC Frames As we saw previously, there are three types of frames, and in this subsection they will be discussed in the following order: Control, Management, and Data. IEEE 802.11 Control Frames Figure 4-5 shows the format of ... [full story]