Pure-Circuit-Switched-VPNs
I can dismiss in a few words pure circuit services. It is perfectly possible to create a VPN by concatenating T1 connections over distance, and such “nailed-up” VPNs were commonplace in the 1980s and early 1990s before telcos offered packet services. These TDM circuit-based VPNs provide a high degree of privacy and availability but are prohibitively expensive to set up on a large scale and, since the introduction of so-called fast packet services, have fallen into general disuse. In theory, a broadband wireless operator could set up a circuit-based VPN for a customer by allocating an entire channel to that customer and then arranging with a local and/or long-distance telco for the provision of a circuit connectivity through to the endpoint of the VPN, but this does not represent a service model with much potential for the future.
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