Global Information Multimedia Communication Village

A successful operation of the first generation (1G) of the wireless mobile communicationgave the birth to the concept of the GIMCV. A family tree of theGIMCV system is shown in Figure 1.2 [1�"11].The GIMCV has been evolving since the birth of the 1G analog cellularsystem. Various standard systems were developed worldwide. Table 1.1summarizes these analog cellular communication systems.In the United States, an analog cellular mobile communication servicecalled advanced mobile phone service (AMPS) was started in October 1983 inChicago [12]. System AMPS NMT-450 NMT-900 TACS ETACSFrequencyrange (mobileTx/base Tx)(MHz)824�"849/869�"894453�"457.5/463�"467.5890�"915/463�"467.5890�"915/935�"960872�"905/917/950Channelspacing (kHz)30 25 12.5* 25 25Number ofchannels832 180 1,999 1,000 1,240Region The Americas,Australia,China, SoutheastAsiaEurope Europe, China,India, AfricaUnitedKingdomEurope, AfricaSystem C-450 RTMSRadiocom-2000JTACS/NTACS NTTFrequencyrange (mobileTx/base Tx)(MHz)450�"455.74/460�"465.74450�"455/460�"465165.2�"168.4/169.8�"173192.5�"199.5/200.5�"207.5215.5�"233.5/207.5�"215.5414.8�"418/424.8�"428915�"925/860�"870898�"901/843�"846918.5�"922/863.5�"867925�"940/870�"855915�"918.5/860�"863.5922�"925/867�"870Channelspacing (kHz)10* 25 12.5 25/12.5*25/12.5*12.5*25/6.25*6.25*6.25*Number ofchannels573 200 256560640256400/800120/240280600/2,400560480Region Germany,PortugalItaly France Japan JapanIn Europe, several cellular mobile communication services were started.In Norway, Nordic Mobile Telephones (NMT) succeeded in the developmentof an analog cellular mobile communication system: NMT-450 [13].In the United Kingdom, Motorola developed an analog cellular mobilecommunication system called the total access communication system (TACS)based on AMPS in the 1984�"1985 period. In 1983, NMT started a modifiedNMT-450 called NMT-900. C-450, Radio Telephone Mobile System(RTMS), and Radiocom-2000 were introduced in Germany, Italy, andFrance, respectively.Meanwhile, in Japan, Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) developeda cellular mobile communication system in the 800-MHz frequencyband and began service in Tokyo in December 1979. Furthermore, a modifiedTACS that changed the frequency band to adjust for Japanese frequencyplanning and celled JTACS was also introduced in July 1989. Subsequently,narrowband TACS (NTACS), which reduced the required frequency band inhalf, started service in October 1991.So far, we described the evolution of the analog cellular mobile communicationsystem. However, the incompatibility of the various systems precludedroaming. This meant that users had to change their mobile terminalswhen they moved to another country. In addition, analog cellular mobilecommunication systems were unable to ensure sufficient capacity for theincreasing number of users and the speech quality was not good.To solve these problems, the research and development of cellularmobile communication systems based on the digital radio transmissionscheme was initiated. These new mobile communication systems becameknown as the second generation of mobile communication systems, and theanalog cellular era thus is regarded as the first generation of mobile communicationsystems. Table 1.2 summarizes digital cellular radio systems.In Europe, GSM, a new digital cellular communication system thatallowed international roaming and used the 900-MHz frequency band,started service in 1992. In 1994, DCS-1800, a modified GSM that used the1.8-GHz frequency band, was launched.The development of GSM further moved to GSM phase 2+. The mostimportant standardized GSM phase 2+ work items from the radio access systempoint of view have been [6]:• Enhanced full-rate (EFR) speech codec;• Adaptive multirate (AMR) codec;• 14.4-Kbps data service;• High-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD);• General packet radio service (GPRS);• Enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE).Systems Global Systemfor MobileCommunication(GSM)Digital CommunicationsSystem(DCS)-1800IS-54 IS-95 PersonalDigital Cellular(PDC)Frequency range (baseRx/Tx, MHz)GSM:Tx: 935�"960;Rx: 890�"915DCS-1800:Tx: 1,805�"1,880;Rx: 1,710�"1,785Tx: 869�"894;Rx: 824�"849Tx: 869�"894Rx: 824�"849Tx: 810�"826;Rx: 940�"956;Tx: 1,429�"1,453;Rx: 1,477�"1,501Channel spacing (kHz) 200 30 1,250 25Number of channels GSM: 124DCS-1,800: 375832 20 1,600Number of users perchannelGSM: 8DCS-1,800: 8/163 63 3Multiple access TDMA/frequencydivision multipleaccess (FDMA)TDMA/FDMA Code divisionmultipleaccess (CDMA)/FDMATDMA/FDMADuplex Frequency divisionduplex (FDD)FDD FDD FDDModulation Gaussian minimumshift keying(GMSK)π/4 differentialquadraturephase shift keying(DQPSK)Binary phaseshift keying(BPSK)/QPSKπ/4 DQPSKSpeech coding and itsrate (Kbps)Regular pulseexciting-longterm predictivecoding (RPE-LTP)13Vector-sum excitedlinear predictivecoding (VSELP)7.95Qualcomm codeexcited linearpredictivecoding (QCELP)8VSELP6.7Channel coding 1/2Convolutional1/2ConvolutionalUplink 1/3Downlink 1/2Convolutional9/17ConvolutionalRegion Europe, China,Australia,Southeast AsiaNorth America,IndonesiaNorth America,Australia,Southeast AsiaJapanTable 1.3 compares the GSM data service.In North America, the IS-54 digital cellular communication systemwas standardized in 1989. Subsequently, the standard was revised to includedual-mode services between analog and digital cellular communication systemsand reintroduced in 1993 with the title DAMPS, or IS-136. In addition,IS-95, which was the first standardized system based on CDMA, startedservice in 1993.In Japan, the digital cellular communication or PDC systems using the800-GHz and 1.5-GHz frequency bands started service in 1993 and 1994,respectively.In addition to these digital systems, the development of new digitalcordless technologies gave birth to the second-supplement-generation systems,namely, personal handy-phone systems (PHSs)�"formerly PHPs�"inJapan, the digital enhanced (formerly European) cordless telephone (DECT) inEurope, and personal access communication services (PACSs) in North America.Table 1.4 summarizes the second-supplement-generation systems [14,15] and shows the cordless telecommunications, second generation (CT2)and CT2+. A detailed description of CT2 can be found in [16, 17], whereCT2+ is a Canadian enhancement of the CT2 common air interface.In the second generation (2G) of mobile communication systems, thecommon standardizations of some regions, such as in Europe and North6 WLANs and WPANs towards 4G WirelessTable 1.3Comparison of GSM Data ServicesService Type Data UnitMaximumSustainedUser Data Rate Technology Resources UsedShort messageservice (SMS)Single 140 octetpacket9 bps Simplex circuit Standalone dedicatedcontrol channels(SDCCH) or slowassociated controlchannel (SACCH)Circuit switcheddata30 octet frames 9,600 bps Duplex circuit Traffic channel (TCH)GPRS 1,600 octet frames 171 Kbps Virtual circuitsand packetPhysical data channel(PDCH) (1�"8 TCH)HSCSD 192 octet frames 115 Kbps Duplex circuits 1�"8 TCHEDGE �" 384 Kbps Virtual circuitsand packet1�"8 TCHAmerica, enabled the realization of partial roaming. This feature was a uniquepoint of the 2G systems in comparison with the 1G systems. The advent of acommon standard gave users a sense of ease of international roaming. Usershave been eager to see worldwide standardization.During the period 1990�"2000, the styles of wired communication aswell as wireless communication were both changed by the innovation of digitalsignal processing. During the period, all information such as voice, data,images, and moving-images could be digitized, and the digitized data couldbe transmitted through a worldwide computer network such as the Internet.Mobile users were also eager to be able to transmit such digitized data in amobile communication network. However, in the 2G mobile communicationsystems, the data transmission speeds are limited, creating the need fornew high-speed mobile communication systems. Based on this objective,research and development into third generation (3G) mobile communicationsystems were started in 1995. The research and development that occurred inthe 1995�"2000 period can be categorized into two areas:1. International standardized high-speed digital cellular systems withmobility as the second generation;2. International standardized broadband mobile-access system withlow mobility.In the first area, international mobile telecommunication (IMT)-2000has become the standard. IMT-2000 aims to realize 144 Kbps, 384 Kbps,and 2 Mbps under high mobility, low mobility, and stationary environments,respectively. Figure 1.3 shows an image of the IMT-2000 concept.In IMT-2000, on the basis of CDMA, three radio-access schemes havebeen standardized:1. Direct sequence CDMA (DSCDMA)-frequency division duplex(FDD)�"this is known as DSCDMA-FDD;2. Multicarrier CDMA (MCCDMA)-FDD�"this is known asMCCDMA-FDD;3. DSCDMA-TDD.Wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) by NTT Docomoand Ericsson and CDMA2000 by Qualcomm were submitted to the ITU [1,3]. Their basic requirements are shown in Table 1.5. IMT-2000 adopted aCDMA-based system that brought about the capability of offering worldwideroaming by fixing the code transmission rate (chip rate). Moreover,because the data transmission rates of 3G mobile communication systems(144 Kbps�"2 Mbps) are much higher than those of the 2G systems (less than64 Kbps), users can realize moving image�"based communication as well asvoice and data communication using a mobile terminal.Several high-speed wireless access systems have been standardized [4].These basic requirements are shown in Table 1.6. Figure 1.4 shows an imageof a high-speed wireless access system. As stated in Table 1.6, most standardizedsystems can realize transmissions of more than 10 Mbps. It is especiallyso in the 5-GHz frequency band: an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing(OFDM)�"based high-speed wireless access system can realize several tensof megabits per second transmission rates [4]. By using such a mobile accessscheme, broadband data transmission rates, such as several tens of megabitsper second, can be realized in a wireless communication network as well as awired network.New research and development targets ultra-high-speed wireless accesssystems that can support data-transmission rates of several tens of megabitsper second to hundreds of megabits per second.Within the European Advanced Communication Technologies and Services(ACTS) program, there were four European Union�"funded research anddevelopment projects ongoing, namely The Magic Wand, a wireless ATM(WATM) network demonstrator; the ATM wireless access communication system(AWACS); the system for advanced mobile broadband applications(SAMBA); and wireless broadband customer premises local area network(CPN/LAN) for professional and residential multimedia applications(MEDIAN) [4, 18�"26].In the United States, a seamless wireless network (SWAN) and a broadbandadaptive homing ATM architecture (BAHAMA), along with two majorprojects at Bell Laboratories and the WATM network (WATMnet), are beingdeveloped in the computer and communication (C&C) research laboratoriesof Nippon Electric Company (NEC) [18�"22].In Japan, the Communications Research Laboratory (CRL), in theMinistry of Posts and Telecommunications is busy with several research anddevelopment projects, such as a broadband mobile communication system[27] in the super-high-frequency (SHF) band (from 3 to 10 GHz) with achannel bit rate of up to 10 Mbps, which achieves 5-Mbps transmission in ahigh-mobility environment where the vehicle speed is 80 km/hr [28, 29].Moreover, an indoor high-speed wireless LAN in the millimeter-wave bandwith a target bit rate of up to 155 Mbps [30, 31] has also been researched,and a point-to-multipoint wireless LAN that can achieve a transmission rateof 156 Mbps by using an original protocol named reservation-based slottedidle signal multiple access (RS-ISMA) was developed [32].As a mobile communication system that requires broadband transmissioncapability, such as several megabits per second to 10 Mbps, in a highmobilityenvironment, the intelligent transport system (ITS) is the most representativeexample [33�"37].In ITS, there are many communication schemes, of which GPS is themost famous application. However, today, the standardization of the dedicatedshort-range communication (DSRC) system has progressed. The DSRC systemuses the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band (5.725�"5.875 GHz) torealize a short-distance (about up to 30m), vehicle-to-roadside communicationsystem. The image, the applications, and the spectrum allocations for DSRCare shown in Figures 1.5, 1.6, and 1.7, respectively [34].To realize DSRC, Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) in Europe,the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the IEEE inNorth America, and ARIB in Japan organized standardization committeesfor DSRC. As for the data transmission scheme, International TelecommunicationUnion-Radiocommunication (ITU-R) recommendation M.1453 suggeststwo methods: active and backscatter [34]. The requirements are shownin Table 1.7 [34]. Based on the recommendation, several applications arebeing considered. Figure 1.6 shows some examples of the intended applications.Furthermore, a full-mobility and a quasi-mobile communication systemare also being considered.There are many modulation and demodulation schemes, as well asaccess protocols used in mobile communication, as described earlier in thissection. The relationship between the first, second, and third generationmobile communication systems, high-speed and ultra-high-speed wirelessaccesssystems, and ITS is shown in Figure 1.8.